“声援反服贸”：反自由贸易的国际见证(2)

FTA与TPP对亚太地区人民的冲击与其反抗
─印尼篇

编译：许博任、陈思颖

编按：

本文选自农民之路(La Via Campesina )出版的”Understanding Free Trade through the KORUS FTA & the Necessity of Regional Economic Cooperation.”手册。此手册是收集了农民之路在首尔及日本两场“因应亚太地区经济整合策略会议”的讨论内容。着重于讨论韩美FTA及TPP之影响，也讨论区域整合的另类模式。本文“FTA与TPP对亚太地区人民的冲击与其反抗”，共有印尼、日本及澳洲三国签署自由贸易协定之影响分析，为方便阅读将分次翻译刊登。

农业部门最脆弱

印尼超过百分之四十三的人口仰赖农业部门，当中有百分之五十六的人是农民工跟小农(平均土地面积大约0.3公顷)。这些数据显示农业部门是WTO跟FTA影响下最脆弱的部门，小农将是现行自由贸易机制下最大的受害者。

为符合自由市场的需求，并且促进自由贸易谈判，印尼政府必须针对现行法律提出修正。这些修正案都已完成，多半是透过自由化、去管制化及私有化的手段来达成。

自贸协定与生质燃料作物扩张

2005年的12月，欧盟通过“生质燃料行动与策略计划”，预计在2020年提升生质燃料消费量至10%(大约是一百到一百五十万吨)。欧盟认为这是一个相当具有野心的计划，需要大量投资在生质燃料的发展。热带地区的发展中国家，由于其产量、生产力和成本的优势，被欧盟选中做为发展生质燃料的产地。

欧盟试图透过多边以及区域协商，扩大生质燃料的原料供应。此政策成功地带动棕榈油的大规模出口，并且引发竞争；例如东南亚的马来西亚与印尼，皆特别着重于生产制造生质乙醇所需的棕榈以及树薯。

另一个关于生质燃料的政策则是” Lahan Energi Abadidevelopment”。该计划将开发500万公顷的土地做为能源供给。不过这个计划实际上规模远远超过500万公顷；2007年年中，此计划在印尼卡里曼丹与马来西亚的交界，新开垦一个面积达180万公顷的棕榈农场，并且在2008年底再扩张150万公顷至马老奇地区。

印尼棕榈种植不断扩张，已经严重威胁人民的粮食主权，也引起了农业部门内的冲突，农业资源减少做为公共使用。为了发展棕榈种植，许多印尼小农联盟成员的土地被掠夺。在西爪哇地区，棕榈园整地切断了灌溉系统的水流，农民的玉米田因此被限缩。在南苏门答腊地区，为了兴建一个100万公顷的棕榈园，而关闭了稻田的灌溉设施。在北苏门答腊，农民为了保护土地不被棕榈园掠夺而被捕入狱。总之，生质燃料产业威胁了人民的粮食主权，并且导致在地粮食生产百万吨的损失。

从消费者的立场来说，食用棕榈油与燃料用棕榈油的竞争，也导致全国食用油价格上涨。棕榈油加工业宁可让出口价格较高的粗棕榈油出口到欧洲，造成2006年印尼的食用油短缺。

印尼自贸协定签署概况

自由贸易协定有多种形式，例如韩美自由贸易协定(KORUS FTA)、泛太平洋战略伙伴协议(TPP)，以及区域性的协定，例如推动新自由主义区域整合的东盟(ASEAN)。东盟自90年代开始深化并扩张其势力至世界其他区域。印尼签署了许多FTA，第一个FTA即是东盟自由贸易协定。该协定削减了东盟国家之间的关税障碍，目标是在2015建立东盟经济共同体。自1992年起，新自由主义化的潮流展开。其形式相当多元，例如东盟+欧盟、东盟+印度、东盟+欧盟、东盟+6等等。

印尼本身也和澳洲、土耳其、突尼斯与巴基斯坦签署自由贸易协定。奥巴马目前正力促东盟国家也加入TPP；不过东盟不能被视作TPP的替代选项，反倒是TPP迈向东亚自由贸易区(FTAAP)的路径，将对人民造成许多负面冲击。东盟─中国FTA生效后，与中国的自由贸易导致印尼的坚果、水果与可可贸易产生赤字。此外，约18万家农业与玩具业的中小企业倒闭，无法与中国生产竞争下，制造商变成零售商；廉价的中国马铃薯进口，导致印尼马铃薯价格从7000卢比跌至3800卢比。马铃薯农赔钱，收入明显下降。

反对自贸协定的行动

人民论坛正抵制东盟经济整合，也讨论替选方案的可能性。由于社会运动团体质疑东盟协定中有两个章节违反印尼宪法，所以印尼正针对2008年政府批准的东盟协定展开违宪审查。印尼宪法明定经济活动必须立基于追求社会正义的人民经济(people’s economy)，但东盟协定与印尼-欧盟经济协定的目标只在于追求自由市场。

我们致力于提醒印尼人民关于自由贸易问题的严重性。我们发起了全国农民论坛，以分享资讯与经验，也出版了许多书籍。我们必须介入公共领域，找出向社会揭露FTA真相的方法。印尼的处境相当困难，因为社会充满了“先签再说”的乐观想法。我们与各国面临一样的问题，所以可以一起合作，对抗新自由主义。
资料来源：
农民之路：”Understanding Free Trade through the KORUS FTA & the Necessity of Regional Economic Cooperation.”

原文：

In Indonesia, more than 43% of the population is dependent on the agricultural sector. Out of these

people, 56% are either farm laborers (landless) or small farmers (land ownership of about 0.3 hectares). These

statistics reveal that agriculture is a fragile sector that will be directly affected by the WTO and FTA; small farmers will become the most affected elements in this free trade mechanism. The government has had to introduce amendments to existing laws in order to meet the needs of the free market and facilitate free trade negotiations: it has done so, namely, through liberalization, deregulation and privatization.

In December 2005, the EU commission adopted a Plan of Action and Strategy for agrofuels. The EU has a

target of 10% agrofuel consumption by 2020 (approximately 1 to 1.5 million tons). In the report, the

Commission admits the ambitiousness of the EU’s target. As a result, the development of agrofuels will

require significant economic investment. Developing countries in tropical areas are being selected for

agrofuel production due to their capacity for high levels of production and their high productivity due to lower

prices relative to developed countries, It was said that the EU seeks to encourage negotiations to expand the use of raw materials for agrofuels through multilateral and regional free trade agreements. This policy successfully boosts huge palm oil exports to compete here. For example, Southeast Asia, Malaysia and Indonesia have, in particular,

focused on palm oil and cassava production for ethanol.

Another policy on agrofuel is the Lahan Energi Abadi development that amounted to 5 million hectares of

land in order to provide a large energy supply. However, in reality the target was greater than 5 million

hectares. It started with the opening of a new 1.8 million-hectare palm oil plantation on the Kalimantan-

Malaysia border in mid-2007. It will be extended with 1.5 million hectares to Merauke towards the end of

2008.

The expansions of palm oil plantations in Indonesia have been seriously threatening the food sovereignty of

the people. This policy has raised agrarian conflict and also the loss of public access to agrarian resources.

Many members of SPI have experienced land grabbing for the development of palm oil plantations. In West

Java, the land clearing for palm oil plantation has cut the flow of irrigation, and peasant’s corn fields have

been seized. In South Sumatra, the opening of 1 million hectares of palm oil plantations has shut off irrigation

for hectares of rice fields. In North Sumatra, peasants who tried to defend their land from land grabbing by

palm oil plantations have been imprisoned. To conclude, the agrofuel industry threatens food sovereignty implementation and is responsible for the loss of millions of tons of local food.
From the consumer’s side, the competition between palm oil for food and palm oil for fuel has raised the

price of cooking oil nationally. The palm oil processing industry prefers to export Crude Palm Oil (CPO) to

Europe at a higher price. In 2006, there was a shortage of cooking oil in Indonesia.
The Free Trade Agreement can take many forms: KORUS FTA, TPP, and the form of regional blocks such

as ASEAN that create neoliberal regionalization. ASEAN has been deepening since the 1990s and is expanding

to another region in the world. Indonesia has signed many FTAs. The 1st FTA was the ASEAN Free Trade

Agreement (AFTA). It eliminated tariff barriers within ASEAN member countries. And its goal is to establish

the ASEAN Economic Community by 2015. Since 1992 there has been a trend of neoliberalization. Neoliberal

regionalization has taken many forms: ASEAN + China, ASEAN + India, ASEAN + EU, ASEAN + 6. Indonesia has also signed FTAs with Australia, Turkey, Tunisia, and Pakistan. Obama is pushing the ASEAN countries to

also join the TPPA, Therefore ASEAN must be seen not as an alternative to the TPPA but as a way to achieving

its higher form through the FTAAP. This will have many negative impacts to people.

After the full implementation of the ASEAN + China FTA, trade with China has resulted in a deficit on nuts, fruits, and

cocoa. In addition 180,000 SMEs in Indonesia collapsed in the agriculture and toys industry. Producers are also

becoming retailers since they can’t compete with Chinese production. Potato prices slumped from 7000

rupia (50,000 won) to 3800 rupia (25,000 won) due to the import of cheap Chinese products. This price for

potatoes is below that which farmers can break even. Thus we see a declining income for potato farmers.

People’s forum is resisting and discussing alternatives to ASEAN. In Indonesia, a judicial review of the ASEAN

charter was started, which the government ratified in 2008. Social movements are challenging the ASEAN

charter stating that 2 of its provisions are unconstitutional. While the constitution mentions

economic activity based on “people’s economy” for social justice, the ASEAN charter and the

Comprehensive Economic Agreement b/w Indonesia and the EU’s economic goals just free markets.

We are currently trying to determine how we make people in Indonesia aware about this problem. We are

creating a national farmers’ forum to share information and to share some experience about the FTA. Many

books are being published. We need to make interventions in the public sphere and figure out how to

reveal the truths about the FTA in society. The situation in Indonesia is difficult because there is the optimistic

thinking of: we will sign first and then ask later. We are facing the same problems in our countries. We can

work together against the neoliberal project.